Major Depression and Omega 3 Fatty Acids
National Center for Complementary and Integrative HealthWhat?s the Bottom Line?
How much do we know about omega-3 fatty acids (omega-3s)?
Extensive research has been done on omega-3s, especially the types found in seafood (fish and shellfish) and fish oil supplements.
What do we know about the effectiveness of omega-3 supplements?
- Research indicates that omega-3 supplements don?t reduce the risk of heart disease. However, people who eat seafood one to four times a week are less likely to die of heart disease.
- High doses of omega-3s can reduce levels of triglycerides.
- Omega-3 supplements may help relieve symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis.
- Omega-3 supplements have not been convincingly shown to slow the progression of the eye disease age-related macular degeneration.
- For most other conditions for which omega-3 supplements have been studied, the evidence is inconclusive or doesn?t indicate that omega-3s are beneficial.
What do we know about the safety of omega-3 supplements?
- Omega-3s usually produce only mild side effects, if any.
- There?s conflicting evidence on whether omega-3s might influence the risk of prostate cancer.
- If you?re taking medicine that affects blood clotting or if you?re allergic to fish or shellfish, consult your health care provider before taking omega-3 supplements.
What Are Omega-3s?
Omega-3s (short for omega-3 fatty acids) are a kind of fat found in foods and in the human body. They are also sold as dietary supplements.
Types of Omega-3s and Foods That Contain Them
- The omega-3s EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) are found in seafood (fish and shellfish).
- Because of their chemical structure, EPA and DHA are sometimes referred to as long-chain omega-3s.
- A different type of omega-3, ALA (alpha-linolenic acid), is found in certain plant oils such as flaxseed, soybean, and canola oils and also in some other foods of plant origin, such as chia seeds and black walnuts.
- Most of the research discussed in this fact sheet focuses on EPA and DHA.
Supplements That Contain Omega-3s
- Several types of dietary supplements contain omega-3s.
- Fish oil supplements contain EPA and DHA.
- Fish liver oil supplements, such as cod liver oil, contain EPA and DHA, and they also contain vitamins A and D, in amounts that vary from product to product. Vitamins A and D can be harmful in excessive amounts.
- Krill oil contains EPA and DHA.
- Algal oils are a vegetarian source of DHA; some also contain EPA.
- Flaxseed oil contains ALA.
According to the 2012 National Health Interview Survey, which included a comprehensive survey on the use of complementary health approaches in the United States, fish oil supplements are the nonvitamin/nonmineral natural product most commonly taken by both adults and children. The survey findings indicated that about 7.8 percent of adults (18.8 million) and 1.1 percent of children age 4 to 17 (664,000) had taken a fish oil supplement in the previous 30 days.
What Do We Know About the Effectiveness of Omega-3s for Depression?
It?s uncertain whether omega-3 fatty acid supplements are helpful for depression. Although some studies have had promising results, a 2015 evaluation of 26 studies that included more than 1,400 people concluded that if there is an effect, it may be too small to be meaningful. Other analyses have suggested that if omega-3s do have an effect, EPA may be more beneficial than DHA and that omega-3s may best be used in addition to antidepressant medication rather than in place of it.
Omega-3s have not been shown to relieve symptoms of depression that occur during pregnancy or after childbirth.
Depression can be a serious illness. If you or someone in your family may have depression, consult a health care provider.
What Do We Know About the Safety of Omega-3s?
- Side effects of omega-3 supplements are usually mild. They include unpleasant taste, bad breath, bad-smelling sweat, headache, and gastrointestinal symptoms such as heartburn, nausea, and diarrhea.
- Several large studies have linked higher blood levels of long-chain omega-3s with higher risks of prostate cancer. However, other research has shown that men who frequently eat seafood have lower prostate cancer death rates and that dietary intakes of long-chain omega-3s aren?t associated with prostate cancer risk. The reason for these apparently conflicting findings is unclear.
- Omega-3 supplements may interact with drugs that affect blood clotting.
- It?s uncertain whether people with seafood allergies can safely take fish oil supplements.
Sourced from a National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health publication on May 23, 2019.
Resources
-
Articles
-
Introduction and Types of Depressive Disorders
- Major Depressive Disorder and Related Conditions
- Classic Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder
- The Development and Course of Major Depressive Disorder
- Differential Diagnosis and Specifiers of Major Depressive Disorder
- Prevalence and Co-Occurring Conditions
- Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
- Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
- Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
- Related Disorders / Conditions
- Historical and Current Understandings
-
Biology, Psychology and Sociology
- Biology of Depression - Neurotransmitters
- Biology of Depression - Neuroplasticity and Endocrinology
- Biology of Depression - Genetics and Imaging
- Biology of Depression - Psychoneuroimmunology
- Psychology of Depression- Psychodynamic Theories
- Psychology of Depression- Behavioral Theories
- Cognitive Theories of Depression - Aaron Beck
- Cognitive Theories of Depression - Ellis and Bandura
- Cognitive Theories of Depression - Seligman
- Sociology of Depression - Effects of Culture
- Social and Relational Factors in Depression
- Lifestyle Factors and Environmental Causes of Depression
-
Treatment - Medication and Psychotherapy
- Treatment: When to Seek Professional Help and Where to Find Help for Depression
- Measuring Depression
- Clinician-Rated and Self-Report Questionnaires/Tests for Depression
- Types of Treatment for Depression
- Types of Treatment Continued
- Medications for Depression
- Antidepressants for Depressive Disorders
- Mood Stabilizers for Depressive Disorders
- Non-Medication Medical Therapies for Depressive Disorders
- Psychotherapy - Evidence-Based Treatments for Depression
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression Continued
- Interpersonal Therapy for Depressive Disorders
- Behavior Therapy for Depressive Disorders
- Psychodynamic Therapy for Depressive Disorders
- Group, Family and Couples Therapy for Depressive Disorders
-
Alternative Medicine and Self-Help Resources
- Complementary and Alternative Treatments for Major Depression
- Major Depression and St. John's Wort
- Major Depression and Exercise
- Major Depression and Omega 3 Fatty Acids
- Major Depression Serotonin Precursors: SAMe
- Major Depression Serotonin Precursors: 5-HTP
- Acupuncture for Depression
- Music Therapy and Relaxation Therapy for Depression
- Self-Help Methods for Major Depression
- Community and On-line Self-Help Resources for Major Depression
- Depression Reading List
- Special Issues
- References
-
Introduction and Types of Depressive Disorders
-
Questions and Answers
- Husband Sexting With a Mutual Friend
- Sex
- Fear
- Why do I Have These Mood Swings?
- Violent When Drunk
- Angry All The Time
- Eating Disorder or Overreacting?
- What Is Wrong With Me ?
- Classify My Mental Disorder
- OCD, Depression
-
324 more
- I'm Going Crazy?
- Please Help. I Criticize Myself Too Much and I Need to Stop.
- Trying to Forget
- What's Wrong With Me?
- How to Overcome Depression Caused when Boyfriend Ditched Me?
- New Boyfriend Lying About Belongings That Are His Ex Girlfriend's
- How to Help my Delusional Son?
- Is Any of This Real?
- What is This, and What do I do About it?
- I Have Everything I Ever Wanted. Why am I so Miserable?
- How Can I Convince My Suicidal MD Husband To Be Evaluated?
- Sexual Abuse, What Should I do Now?
- Bipolar or Depressed or Neither?
- Depression
- Feel Like Something's Wrong
- Too Much Sorrow
- Very Empty
- Really Desperate..Please Help
- My Health?
- Depression
- Bipolar, Depression, Grief & Anxiety
- Is This a Flashback?
- Help Us With Our Son!
- No Clue What To Do. Help?
- Am I Going Crazy?
- Do I Suffer From Depression?
- Why Is He Doing This To Me?
- Am I Commitment-Phobic?
- I Don't Care For Anything, I Feel as Though I'm Wasting my Life.
- Anxiety Has Taken Over My Life...
- Not Able to be Happy With my Husband
- How Do I Get My 24 Year Old Son To A Counselor
- Bipolar Teen
- I Have This Issue
- Am I Depressed?
- Fear of Choking
- Help
- In Love With a Man Who Does Not Love Me
- I Think I Have a Mental Disorder?
- Stress and Loss of Feeling or Emotional Deadness
- Please Help Me
- OCD or Not OCD, That's The Question
- How Can I Move Past This- A Question for Staff
- Does Romance Lead to Aggression?
- Am I Depressed?
- Depressed, Anxious and Dead Inside...Please Help!
- Broken
- Why do I Feel Like Everyone is Trying to Upset me?
- My Husbands Roller Coaster of Proper Hygiene: Is it Depression?
- I Feel Like a Complete Waste of a Human Life
- Am I Always Going to Feel Like This?
- Is He Changed???
- I Can't Stop Crying
- Hopeless
- Anxious and Depressed Son
- Is There Any Hope For Me, or am I Destined to be Damaged?
- Falling Apart
- Is There Such a Thing as Happiness?
- Joyless
- Worrying Too Much About Anything.
- Helping and Watching a Friend's Recurrent Depression?
- Homesick and Feeling Stuck.
- Insanely Jealous Husband
- POCD
- Can Prescription Drug Use Lead to Delusional Beharior?
- Social Anxiety, Depression and More...
- Sad
- Same Views On So Much, but Can't Get Along As A Couple
- Suicidal Thoughts
- Hypothyroid 23 Year Old Girl
- It's Me or It's My Mother?
- Is He a Narcissist?
- Help For Aging Human Service Professionals?
- Depression
- If There's Nothing New, There's Nothing Good.
- Please Respond, I Need Help
- Need To Ask Someone
- Is it Okay to Give Up?
- I'm Cheated By My Girlfriend..... I Just Want to Die.....
- How Can It Help?
- Everyone Says He is depressed, Is He? Or Does He Really Want a Divorce??
- Help! Please!
- I Think I Need Some Help
- I Feel So Lost.
- Scared and Lonely
- Please Help Me Out
- How Much Should a Therapist Care or Reach Out?
- I Never Experience Happiness
- Mystery Symptoms
- I Think I'm Depressed
- Born to Lose, or Nurtured to Lose?
- Help!
- Quadruple Bypass Surgery
- Advice
- I am an 18 Year Old Mom Diagnosed With Severe Depression And Anxiety
- Extremely Scared: I Felt Indifferent Toward an Obsession
- Suffering with Treatment-Resistant Depression
- My Fiance May Have a Sexual, Nude Photo Addiction
- Infections and The Brain
- My Girlfriend's Family Is Ruining Our Relationship
- Worthless
- I Need Help And Am At The End of My Rope
- How Can I Cope With My Husband´s Depression and Its Sexual Consequences?
- What Is The Difference Between Mental Illness and Depression?
- Am I Over Thinking This, or Am I Right?
- Anger
- Do I Need Help?
- What Is It?
- Why Am I Thinking Like This?
- Why Does My Mother Hoard Everything, Including Garbage?
- Right in the middle of a nervous breakdown; What's wrong with me?
- Huge Disapointment With My Husband
- I Don't Really Care About Anything. What Should I Do?
- Is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Curable?
- Is it Really a Problem?
- I am Terrified of Death.
- Anhedonia
- Detached: I Feel Guilty, But I Can't Help it.
- My Father, The Sociopath...
- I Feel Like a Question Mark
- Am I Not Normal!?
- Our 23 Year Old Son Refuses to Get Help for His Anxiety Attacks and Depression.
- What is Wrong?
- Husband Abandoned Me
- D.I.D. Diagnosis, How do I Accept This?
- I Don't Know Anymore. Please Help.
- Breaking up With Bipolar
- Depression - Blacking Out
- He's Distant. Is he Leaving me?
- My Boyfriend Saved Pictures of his Ex-Girlfriend on His Computer.
- Restroom Phobia
- What Is Wrong with Me?
- Should I Seek Help?
- When to Leave Therapy?
- Help Me Please. What is Going On With Me?
- I'm Afraid I'm Going Crazy
- I Don't Know What To Do
- Am I Wallowing in Depression?
- Anger
- Sexual Abuse and Its Effects on Relationships Afterwards
- What Is Wrong with Me, Doc?
- Help
- DBS
- Am I Suffering a Kind of Psychological Problem?
- Attention Deficit and Depression
- Do I Have an Eating Disorder?
- Do you think I sound depressed? I don't understand what is going on
- Is This Bi Polar?
- Depressed 19 year old college student
- Thoughts
- Depression helps to contribute to my unemployment! - Paula
- Will I ever feel normal?
- I feel like I am going crazy
- What is wrong with me?
- I'm Scared
- What Is Wrong with Me?
- Cyclical Depression
- Frightening thoughts - fear losing control - please help!
- Anxious, depressed, confused, angry....the typical...
- Giving Up - Dad of three - Sep 15th 2008
- Counting ritual - Zami - Aug 30th 2008
- dont understand me
- Exercising violence in dreams
- Swallowing fear
- My husband wants to leave me
- Is there help for a person who has always been a 'little depressed'
- Depression Treatment
- Please help.
- Lovely, however... - Julie C. - Jul 14th 2008
- I am really worried about my mental health (19yr old female)
- Am I depressed?
- Identity Confusion: I don't know what personality disorders I have
- Do I Have Bipolar Dsorder?
- Is there something wrong with me?
- Will I Ever?
- Worried about my son
- Is There Help Out There? Lonely Mother of Three
- Am I Depressed?
- Help?
- Major Depressive Disorder Severe with Psychotic Features
- OCD- No feeling
- Help!!!: Laci
- Is the memory of my father dooming my relationship?
- Worried about thoughts
- How long will i be on medication for treatment of my depression
- My Mother Won't Go For Depression Treatment!
- Where do i start to get on the road to recovery
- What is wrong with me?
- Stuck in an on-again, off-again relationship for 10 years
- Depression Treatment
- How do I get my dr.s to understand and help me?
- STUCK IN A RUT
- What treatments are available after you've tried the medicines of last resort?
- no one will help!
- Should I seek help?
- A fighting couple
- Do I have a mental health problem?
- Whats wrong with me?
- depression and employment
- how do you treat depression in teenager males?
- Is it ok to feel this way?
- Have DID: Getting Worse Not Better
- Can we contact my mother's doctor?
- anxiety or going crazy?
- ADD, Tourettes or both?
- Depressed
- I think i'm lost?
- Don't want to take meds
- Will this ever end
- Get Supported
- Stages of Depression
- Is there any help?
- Can you help?
- Dark Fantasies
- Blood tests
- Is it illusion or truth?
- should a depressed person marry?
- Dementia and Depression
- Anger?
- What type of exams can proven that a person has bipolar disorder?
- Stuck in a mental rut...
- Loss of Patience
- i can't seem to get over any of this
- Intrusive humiliating memories
- Is there some way to deal with depression without meds?
- losing personality wholness
- What is the point of life?
- No change is normal mood (e.g., Depression)
- Lack of Personal Hygiene
- Diagnosing Depression
- Does untreated depression pass on to a fetus?
- A Request for Help
- Regular thoughts of killing myself
- How do I help my depressed, unemployed mother
- Angry at my doctor for prescribing so carelessly
- I become very hostile towards myself
- Coming to Terms With My Own Pathetic Existence
- Do environmental factors hold a person back?
- Tired of this Depression
- Struggling With Feelings And Thoughts
- Greatly Depressed
- Is Depression Getting More Prevalent?
- An Empty Shell
- Helping My Husband
- Inability To Express Myself
- Non-medication Help For Depression
- Suicidal
- Sick Of Feeling This Way
- Untrusting Patient
- Depressed and Not Dating
- Congenital Laziness
- Moody Boyfriend
- Electroconvulsive Therapy
- Desperate
- Frustrated and Sucked Dry
- Too Young For Meds
- Depressed Husband
- Paranoid Depression
- Self-Harming Attention Seeker
- Did My Parents Make Me Like This?
- Wild Mood Swings
- A Wonderful Man
- How Can I Become Less Depressed?
- 18, Sad and Hopeless
- Should I Continue With Therapy?
- Childhood Depression
- Can I Help My Wife With Depression?
- Prozac Questions
- Approaching My Tightly Wound Depressed Attorney Brother
- Brain Injury and Depression
- No Compassion For Depression
- Recurrent Depression
- Meds Don't Seem To Work So Now What?
- Pleasure-blind
- Do People Recover From Depression?
- Shy Dancer
- Crying Is Behavior
- Med Consult
- Feeling Depressed and Insecure
- Shyness And The Post Partum Blues
- The Aftermath of Abuse
- Do I Tell My Children I'm Depressed?
- Now What?
- Medicine Doesn't Work Anymore
- Depressed
- The First Time
- Depressed Boyfriend
- How Do I Leave?
- Potentially Suicidal Boyfriend
- Alternative Treatment
- Bereavement and Grief
- Paranoid Dad
- Depression Affects The Entire Family
- How Can I Stop Depression From Recurring?
- Crohn's Disorder Side Effects
- Is Paranoia A Destiny?
- Post-Drinking Depression
- Security Clearance and Depression
- Can I Inherit Depression?
- Two Clinicians
- Depressed Spouse
- Depression 101
- Hypnosis?
- Controlling, Disabled Husband
- Are These Just Mood Swings
- Drifting Apart?
- Drinking. . .
- A Mother Struggles with Depression
- Marijuana and Depression
- Overburdened Mom
- Trashed House
- Beautiful Dreamer
- PMS Woes
- Severely Depressed
- Miss Lonely
- Unhappy and In Therapy
- He Won't Tell Me Why...
- Lonely
- Depression Affecting My Relationship
- Lonesome
- My Children Aren't Speaking..
- My Wife is Depressed
- My Boyfriend Is Depressed
- Parlante writes:
-
Tests
-
Book & Media Reviews
- A Heart of Stone
- A Mood Apart
- A Philosophical Disease
- Active Treatment of Depression
- Adolescent Depression
- Against Depression
- American Melancholy
- An Unquiet Mind
- Beating the Blues
- Before Prozac
-
101 more
- Beyond Blue
- Blaming the Brain
- Calm Energy
- Conquering Postpartum Depression
- Conquering the Beast Within
- Cry Depression, Celebrate Recovery
- Damage
- Depression
- Depression
- Depression 101
- Depression Doesn't Always Have to Be Depressing
- Depression Fallout
- Depression in Context
- Depression Is a Choice
- Depression, the Mood Disease
- Depression-Free for Life
- Doctors of Deception
- Down Came the Rain
- Dysthymia and the Spectrum of Chronic Depressions
- Emotional Claustrophobia
- Essential Psychopharmacology of Depression and Bipolar Disorder
- Everything Is Fine
- Experiences of Depression
- Handbook of Depression
- Handbook of Depression
- History of Suicide
- How I Stayed Alive When My Brain Was Trying to Kill Me
- In Pursuit of Happiness
- Journeys with the Black Dog
- Killing the Black Dog
- LifeForce Yoga to Beat the Blues--Level 1
- LifeForce Yoga to Beat the Blues: Level 2
- Lifting Depression
- Lincoln's Melancholy
- Lucy Sullivan Is Getting Married
- Malignant Sadness
- Manufacturing Depression
- Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depression
- Mood Genes
- My Depression
- Natural Healing for Depression
- New Hope for People with Depression
- On Depression
- On the Edge of Darkness
- Ordinarily Well
- Out of the Blue
- Outsmarting Depression
- Overcoming Depression
- Potatoes Not Prozac
- Prozac and the New Antidepressants
- Prozac Backlash
- Prozac Diary
- Prozac Nation
- Puppy Chow Is Better Than Prozac
- Quiet Your Mind & Get to Sleep
- Raising a Moody Child
- Reasons to Stay Alive
- Self-Coaching
- Songs from the Black Chair
- Speaking of Sadness
- Spontaneous Happiness
- Student Depression
- Subordination and Defeat
- Sunbathing in the Rain
- Swing Low
- Talking Back to Prozac
- The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Mood Disorders
- The Anatomy of Melancholy
- The Anti-Depressant Fact Book
- The Antidepressant Era
- The Beast
- The Bell Jar
- The Breakthrough Depression Solution
- The Corrections
- The Cruelty of Depression
- The Depressed Child
- The Depression Cure
- The Devil Within
- The Emotional Revolution
- The Family Silver
- The Feeling Good Handbook
- The Mood Cure
- The Nature of Melancholy
- The Noonday Demon
- The Postpartum Effect
- The Secret Strength of Depression
- The Van Gogh Blues
- The Van Gogh Blues
- This Close to Happy
- Undercurrents
- Understanding Depression
- Undoing Depression
- Unholy Ghost
- Unstuck
- Viniyoga Therapy for Depression
- What the Birds See
- When a Parent is Depressed
- When Nothing Matters Anymore
- When Words Are Not Enough
- Why Are You So Sad?
- Writing Through the Darkness
-
Links
-
Videos
- Depression - Let's Talk
- The Age of Depression
- Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Therapy for Depression
- Beating the Holiday Blues
- How to get stuff done when you are depressed
- Tell Me About Depression
- 5 Signs Your Teenager is Battling Depression
- Holiday Depression
- Depression Raises Female Heart Risk
- Let’s talk about depression - focus on women with young babies
-
51 more
- Teen Depression Screening
- Let’s talk about depression – focus on adolescents and young adults
- Let’s talk about depression – focus on older people
- Depression: More Than Just the Blues
- Postpartum Depression, You’re Not Alone
- How to Know if You Have Seasonal Affective Disorder
- Kids and Depression
- Know the Differences Between Adult and Teen Depression
- Postpartum Depression
- Groundbreaking Research Into Postpartum Depression
- Seasonal Affective Disorder: One Woman's Story
- Postpartum Depression
- The Link Between Stress and Depression
- Post Holiday Blues
- Managing Holiday Blues
- Adolescent Depression
- Behavioral Activation: Treatment of Adolescent Depression
- Managing Holiday Depression
- Individualized Depression Treatment
- Optimizing Lithium Treatment
- Postpartum Depression
- Depression and its Treatment
- Treating Depression in Youth
- The Mindful Way Through Depression
- Depression, the Secret We Share
- The bridge between suicide and life
- No More Shame: My life with Anxiety and Depression
- Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
- Adolescent Depression and Anxiety
- #StrongerThanStigma - Wayne Brady: Why I Waited to Talk About My Depression
- Down in the Dumps or Depressed?
- What is Depression?
- What Doctors Miss When Treating Women With Depression
- It’s Bipolar Disorder Not Depression
- What About Alternative Depression Treatments?
- Self Help and Therapy for Depression
- Dealing with the Stigma of Depression
- What is Treatment Resistant Depression?
- Do I Have Depression? Common Symptoms of Depression
- Postpartum Depression: What You Need to Know
- Depression and Your Family Doc
- New Treatments for Depression
- Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Depression
- Postpartum Depression - Not Just the Baby Blues
- "Baby Blues" -- or Postpartum Depression?
- Study Finds Link Between Crohn’s Disease and Depression
- Dealing with Depression
- Antidepressants and Sexual Dysfunction
- Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Depression Video
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression
- What is Depression?
-
More Information
Topics
-
Related Topic Centers
-
Addictions
-
Aging & Elder Care
-
Assessments & Interventions
-
Career & Workplace
-
Emotional Well-Being
-
Life Issues
-
Parenting & Child Care
-
Abuse
-
ADHD: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
-
Adoption
-
Autism
-
Child & Adolescent Development: Overview
-
Child & Adolescent Development: Puberty
-
Child Development & Parenting: Early (3-7)
-
Child Development & Parenting: Infants (0-2)
-
Child Development & Parenting: Middle (8-11)
-
Child Development & Parenting:Adolescence (12-24)
-
Child Development Theory: Adolescence (12-24)
-
Child Development Theory: Middle Childhood (8-11)
-
Childhood Mental Disorders and Illnesses
-
Childhood Special Education
-
Divorce
-
Family & Relationship Issues
-
Intellectual Disabilities
-
Learning Disorders
-
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
-
Parenting
-
Self Esteem
-
-
Psychological Disorders
-
Anxiety Disorders
-
Bipolar Disorder
-
Conversion Disorders
-
Depression: Depression & Related Conditions
-
Dissociative Disorders
-
Domestic Violence and Rape
-
Eating Disorders
-
Impulse Control Disorders
-
Intellectual Disabilities
-
Mental Disorders
-
Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
-
Personality Disorders
-
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
-
Schizophrenia
-
Sexual Disorders
-
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
-
Suicide
-
Tourettes and other Tic Disorders
-